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presents to human health, particularly that of young children. It

is estimated that at least thousands andpossibly tens of thousands

of young children are currently consuming sufficient game to

potentially risk health effects in the UK (Green and Pain 2015).

Lead ammunition may be traditional (Cromie

et al.

2015) but

it is doubtful whether future generations would perpetuate a

tradition of knowingly adding lead to food or exposing wildlife

to poisoning. It will be for politicians to decide whether these

wildlife and human health risks and impacts combined are

sufficient to require sports shooters in theUK touse thenon-toxic

ammunition available, and to set a timetable for implementing

the recommendation, made in 1983, of the Royal Commission

on Environmental Pollution.

REFERENCES

AEWA (1999).

Resolution 1.14 Phasing out of lead shot in wetlands. First

Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement on the Conservation of African-

Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA), 6–9 November 1999, Cape Town, South

Africa. Available at:

http://www.unep-aewa.org/sites/default/files/document/

final_res1_4_0.doc

. Accessed: August 2015.

CROMIE RL, NEWTH JL, REEVES JP, O’BRIENMF, BECKMANNKM, BROWNMJ

(2015).

The sociological and political aspects of reducing lead poisoning from

ammunition in the UK: why the transition to non-toxic ammunition is so difficult.

In: Delahay RJ, Spray CJ (eds).

Proceedings of the Oxford Lead Symposium. Lead

ammunition: understanding andminimising the risks to human and environmental

health.

Edward Grey Institute, The University of Oxford. pp 104-124. Available at:

http://oxfordleadsymposium.info .

Accessed: October 2015.

EFSA PANEL ON CONTAMINANTS IN THE FOOD CHAIN (CONTAM) (2010).

Scientific opinion on lead in food.

EFSA Journal

8(4), 1570. DOI:10.2903/j.

efsa.2010.1570. Available at:

http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/

scientific_output/files/main_documents/1570.pdf

. Accessed: August 2015.

GREEN RE, PAIN DJ (2015).

Risks of health effects to humans in the UK from

ammunition-derived lead. In: Delahay RJ, Spray CJ (eds).

Proceedings of the Oxford

Lead Symposium. Lead ammunition: understanding and minimising the risks to

human and environmental health.

Edward Grey Institute,The University of Oxford.

pp27-43.Availableat:

http://oxfordleadsymposium.info .

Accessed:October2015.

GREMSE C, RIEGER S (2015).

Lead from hunting ammunition in wild game

meat: research initiatives and current legislation in Germany and the EU. In:

Delahay RJ, Spray CJ (eds).

Proceedings of the Oxford Lead Symposium. Lead

ammunition:understandingandminimisingtheriskstohumanandenvironmental

health.

Edward Grey Institute, The University of Oxford. pp 51-57. Available at:

http://oxfordleadsymposium.info .

Accessed: October 2015.

GROUP OF SCIENTISTS (2013).

Health risks from lead-based ammunition in

the environment: a consensus statement of scientists. March 22, 2013 Available

at:

http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6dq3h64x .

Accessed: August 2015.

GROUPOFSCIENTISTS(2014).

Wildlifeandhumanhealthrisksfrom lead-based

ammunition in Europe: a consensus statement by scientists. Available at:

http://

www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/leadammunitionstatement/ .

Accessed: August 2015.

KANSTRUP N (2015).

Practical and social barriers to switching from lead to

non-toxic gunshot – a perspective from the EU. In: Delahay RJ, Spray CJ (eds).

Proceedings of the Oxford Lead Symposium. Lead ammunition: understanding and

minimising the risks to human and environmental health.

Edward Grey Institute,

The University of Oxford. pp 98-103. Available at:

http://oxfordleadsymposium.

info

. Accessed: October 2015.

KNUTSEN HK, BRANTSÆTER A-L, ALEXANDER J, MELTZER HM (2015).

Associationsbetweenconsumptionof largegameanimalsandblood lead levels

in humans in Europe: The Norwegian experience. In: Delahay RJ, Spray CJ (eds).

Proceedings of the Oxford Lead Symposium. Lead ammunition: understanding and

minimising the risks to human and environmental health.

Edward Grey Institute,

The University of Oxford. pp 44-50. Available at:

http://oxfordleadsymposium.

info

. Accessed: October 2015.

NEEDLEMAN HL, GEE D (2013).

Lead in petrol ‘makes the mind give way’.

Late Lessons from early warnings: science, precaution, innovation.

European

Environment Agency: Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at:

http://www.eea

.

europa.eu/publications/late-lessons-2 .

Accessed: August 2015.

PAIN DJ, CROMIE RL, GREEN RE (2015).

Poisoning of birds and other wildlife

from ammunition-derived lead in the UK. In: Delahay RJ, Spray CJ (eds).

Proceedings of the Oxford Lead Symposium. Lead ammunition: understanding and

minimising the risks to human and environmental health

. Edward Grey Institute,

The University of Oxford. pp 58-84. Available at:

http://oxfordleadsymposium.

info

. Accessed: October 2015.

RCEP (1983).

Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. Ninth report. Lead

in the environment. (T.R.E. Southwood). CMND 8852Monograph. HMSO. London.

STROUD DA (2015).

Regulation of some sources of lead poisoning: a brief

review. In: Delahay RJ, Spray CJ (eds).

Proceedings of the Oxford Lead Symposium.

Lead ammunition: understanding and minimising the risks to human and

environmental health.

Edward Grey Institute, The University of Oxford. pp 8-26.

Available at:

http://oxfordleadsymposium.info .

Accessed: October 2015.

THOMAS VG (2015).

Availability and use of lead-free shotgun and rifle

cartridges in the UK, with reference to regulations in other jurisdictions In:

Delahay RJ, Spray CJ (eds).

Proceedings of the Oxford Lead Symposium. Lead

ammunition:understandingandminimisingtheriskstohumanandenvironmental

health.

Edward Grey Institute, The University of Oxford. pp 85-97. Available at:

http://oxfordleadsymposium.info .

Accessed: October 2015.

UNEP-CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY SPECIES (2014).

Resolution 11.15.

Preventing poisoning of migratory birds. Adopted by the Conference of the

Parties at its 11th meeting, 4-9 November 2014, Quito, Ecuador Available at:

http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Res_11_15_Preventing_

Bird_Poisoning_of_Birds_E_0.pdf

. Accessed: August 2015.

The Lord Krebs

Kt, MA, DPhil, FRS, FMedSci, Hon DSc.

Wild shot game is increasing in popularity: lead levels

in game are currently unregulated.

Photo Credit: Denis Vermenko

/Shutterstock.com

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